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Plica semilunaris of conjunctiva
The plica semilunaris is a small fold of bulbar conjunctiva on the medial canthus of the eye. It functions during movement of the eye, to help maintain tear drainage via the lacrimal lake, and to permit greater rotation of the globe, for without the plica the conjunctiva would attach directly to the eyeball, restricting movement. It is the vestigial remnant of the nictitating membrane (the "third eyelid") which is drawn across the eye for protection, and is present in other animals such as birds, reptiles, and fish, but is rare in mammals, mainly found in monotremes and marsupials.〔Owen, R. 1866–1868. ''Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates''. London.〕 Its associated muscles are also vestigial.〔Darwin, Charles (1871). ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex''. John Murray: London.〕 It is loose, thus eye movements are not restricted by it. Only one species of primate, the Calabar Angwantibo, is known to have a functioning nictitating membrane.
With ocular allergies, the lacrimal caruncle and plica semilunaris may be inflamed and pruritic (itchy) due to histamine release in the tissue and tear film.
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